Compilation of Links for
Coronavirus in USA

Copyright 2020-2025 by Ronald B. Standler
No copyright claimed for quotations.
No copyright claimed for works of the U.S. Government.
Copyright claimed for compilation of links and my text.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction

  2. Mitigation Measures

  3. Facts about the Epidemic
    1. links to information: CDC, FDA, and World Health Organization websites,
      number of new cases/week, and number of deaths
    2. symptoms
    3. comorbidities

  4. History of Booster vaccinations, with links to FDA and CDC press releases
            alternative coronavirus vaccine recommendations
            CDC coronavirus vaccine recommendations

  5. Where to receive vaccines

  6. Links to nonprofit sources of information

  7. Links to news media

Introduction

I initially wrote and revised this webpage during 24 March to 14 June 2020, as a guide to overwhelming amounts of information on the coronavirus epidemic, which was then a novel disease. On 21 August 2021, I made a major revision of this webpage, to encourage Americans to receive an annual coronavirus immunization and to help Americans find a provider of coronavirus immunizations.

This webpage contains my collection of links to resources on COVID-19. It is absolutely imperative that we stop the COVID-19 epidemic before more people needlessly die from a preventable disease.

A disclaimer: I am not a physician. My educational background is in physics (Ph.D. 1977). I earned a law degree and I am licensed to practice law in Massachusetts since 1998, although I do not practice in the area of health law. But beginning in 1971, I have occasionally done searches of medical literature for my scholarly research projects.

Terse History

Sometime in mid-November 2019, a new pneumonia originated in Wuhan, China. The Chinese government concealed the new disease until the end of December 2019. On 8 January 2020. the Chinese government announced that the cause of this new disease is a coronavirus. The World Health Organization uses the name COVID-19 to refer to the disease caused by this novel coronavirus.

COVID-19 can be transmitted in two ways:
  1. breathing droplets ejected by an infected person who coughs or sneezes.

  2. touching an infected surface. The virus can remain viable for hours on metal or plastic surfaces.

Mitigation Measures

  1. Appropriate injections of either Pfizer or Moderna coronavirus vaccine, followed by booster immunization at least once a year. See the recommendations below.

  2. Always wear a face mask when in public places. On 14 Jan 2022 the CDC said N95 masks were best.

  3. At least six feet (i.e., two meters) of space between adjacent people, called "social distancing".

  4. Avoid large gatherings of people (e.g., workplaces, restaurants, theaters, churches, schools and universities, airports, cruise ships, sporting events, concerts, conferences, conventions, exhibitions, political rallies, festivals, parades, large weddings, etc.), because large groups help spread viruses. Fully vaccinated individuals are themselves at lower risk in large gatherings, however they can still have an asymptomatic infection and transmit their virus to unvaccinated people.

  5. Both frequent hand washing and not touching fingers to one's face. If soap and water are not available for washing hands, then use a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.
Full vaccination is the most important mitigation measure. On 16 July 2021, Dr. Walensky, head of the CDC, reviewed the data on new cases/day, and concluded: "This is becoming a pandemic of the unvaccinated." White House.

Face masks and social distancing help avoid the transmission of viruses between people.

Measures 2-5 will also help prevent spread of influenza viruses and rhinoviruses, in addition to helping slow the spread of COVID-19.

The government sometimes suggests relaxed mitigation measures, especially allowing large gatherings. But we can help prevent the spread of coronavirus by using full mitigation measures whenever possible. Large gatherings for recreation or entertainment are not worth risking coronavirus infections, which can kill people. In summary, more mitigation measures means fewer new cases/day, fewer deaths, and possible control of the epidemic. When we relax mitigation measures, we are inviting the next variant to again overwhelm us, or allowing current variants to again surge.

Despite the desire of Americans to return to normal that existed before coronavirus, it is still true that maximum protection from coronavirus requires maximum mitigation measures. Maximum protection is especially important for patients with comorbidities or for people who are unvaccinated.

When people are hospitalized with coronavirus, they then wish they had used more mitigation measures — been fully vaccinated and boosted, worn a mask, avoided large gatherings, etc. But after infection, it is too late to prevent infection. The lesson to be learned from their regret is to consistently use maximum mitigation measures.

On 16 April 2023, The Washington Post reported:
... coronavirus has retreated from public view as the pandemic winds down. But retreat is not the same thing as eradication: Federal health officials say that covid remains one of the leading causes of death in the United States, tied to about 250 deaths daily, on average, mostly among the old and immunocompromised. Few Americans are treating it as a leading killer, however — in part because they are not hearing about those numbers, don't trust them or don't see them as relevant to their own lives.
Dan Diamond, "Covid is still a leading cause of death as the virus recedes," Washington Post, 16 April 2023.

The above-quoted Washington Post article cited data that coronavirus kills approximately four times more people in the USA than automobile accidents. We have legal requirements for both wearing seat belts and annual automobile safety inspections, but no legal requirement for coronavirus immunizations.

The coronavirus epidemic is not finished. For the week ending 20 January 2024, there were 2570 deaths/week from coronavirus in the USA. For the week ending 31 August 2024, there were 1452 deaths/week from coronavirus in the USA. These unnecessarily high death rates can be reduced by using mitigation measures, such as current vaccinations, wearing a mask, and avoiding large gatherings.

Links:

Facts About the Coronavirus Epidemic

The first death from coronavirus in the USA was on 6 February 2020. In May 2022. the official U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) coronavirus death toll exceeded a staggering one million.

links to information

In 2025, the Trump administration deleted some webpages on coronavirus
  1. coronavirus.gov, formerly the main webpage on coronavirus information for U.S. citizens, now redirects to the second webpage in my list here.   covidtests.gov, which formerly had information on how to order free coronavirus test kits, also redirects.   The old coronavirus.gov website is archived at the Library of Congress.

  2. At the end of March 2022, the White House created covid.gov to help Americans find treatment for coronavirus. But the Trump administration wrecked that website in April 2025. See New York Times(18April);   CBS News(18April);   Associated Press(18April);   Washington Post(23April).   I doubt that people who are seeking useful information on either prevention or treatment of coronavirus infection will care about an unproven theory of the origin of the coronavirus in the year 2019.

  3. The U.S. Department of Health & Human Services had a website on "test-to-treat" that had a list of local clinics that can prescribe and provide antiviral drugs. But that webpage had been deleted when I looked on 23 April 2025.

  4. The FDA webpage on coronavirus educational resources is no longer updated after March 2022.

Food & Drug Administration (FDA)

Centers for Disease Control (CDC)

International Information

People may also find useful the World Health Organization (WHO) webpage on coronavirus. Beginning on 21 January 2020, the WHO issued daily situation reports on the novel coronavirus pandemic.

Symptoms of Coronavirus Infection

On 27 April 2020, the CDC published a list of six classic symptoms of COVID-19 that is updated:
  1. Cough,
  2. Shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing,
  3. Fever or Chills,
  4. Muscle or body aches,
  5. Sore throat,
  6. Recent loss of taste or smell.
The omicron variant of coronavirus may be more likely to produce upper respiratory symptoms (e.g., sneezing, nasal congestion, sore throat), making testing essential to distinguish omicron from other respiratory viruses.

Comorbidities

Comorbidities are risk factors for more severe COVID-19 and death from coronavirus. Common comorbidities include:
  1. elderly (i.e., age over 65 years),
  2. immunocompromised (e.g., cancer chemotherapy, recipient of transplanted organ, HIV/AIDS, use of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medications),
  3. pulmonary disease (e.g., asthma, COPD, smoking),
  4. cancer,
  5. cardiac disease,
  6. chronic kidney or liver disease,
  7. diabetes,
  8. obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2),
  9. pregnancy and recent pregnancy.
A combination of two or more comorbidities in one coronavirus patient increases the chance of death. Therefore, patients with multiple comorbidities should be very careful to always use maximum mitigation measures.   Links for laymen and healthcare professionals.

Booster Vaccinations

There has been an incremental series of authorizations and recommendations for doses of coronavirus vaccines. This series was necessary because of evolving knowledge about the vaccines, as well as the mutation of the coronavirus in different variants.

Read the official FDA and CDC webpages about vaccinations, beginning August 2021:
  1. 12 Aug 2021: third dose of Pfizer or Moderna for immunocompromised patients, FDA press release

  2. 2 Sep 2021 and updated: immunocompromised patients, CDC Guidance

  3. 22-24 Sep 2021: Pfizer booster for
    1. all adults at least 65 years of age,
    2. individuals 18 through 64 years of age who are either:
      1. at high risk of severe COVID-19, or
      2. whose frequent institutional or occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2 puts them at high risk of serious complications of COVID-19 including severe COVID-19.
    FDA and CDC press releases

  4. 20-21 Oct 2021: boosters for Moderna or J&J recipients, FDA and CDC press releases
    Boosters no longer need to be the same brand of vaccine as the primary vaccination.

  5. 19 Nov 2021: all adults who have second Pfizer or Moderna immunization are eligible for a booster,
    FDA and CDC press releases.

  6. 9 Dec 2021: Pfizer booster for 16- and 17-year old recipients, FDA press release

  7. 3-4 Jan 2022: Pfizer booster for 12- to 15-year old recipients. Further, the interval between the second dose of Pfizer vaccine and first booster is shortened to five months for everyone at least 12 years of age. Also, third dose of Pfizer for 5-11 year old immunocompromised children (e.g., because of solid organ transplants), four weeks after second dose.
    FDA and CDC press releases

  8. 5 Jan 2022: Pfizer booster for 12- to 17-year old recipients, CDC press release

  9. 7 Jan 2022: booster now available five months after second dose of Moderna vaccine, FDA press release

  10. 29 March 2022: Second booster vaccination available to all adults at least 50 years of age, and all immunocompromised patients at least 12 years of age. For both groups of patients, the second booster is given "at least 4 months after receipt of a first booster dose". FDA and CDC press releases

  11. 17 May 2022: FDA approves Pfizer booster for 5 to 11 year old children. FDA press release.

  12. 17 June 2022: FDA approves Moderna and Pfizer vaccines for children "down to 6 months of age". These two vaccines were previously approved for children older than 5 years and for adults, so now everyone can receive the primary series of coronavirus vaccine. FDA and CDC press releases.

  13. 30 June 2022, the FDA ordered vaccine manufacturers to include omicron subvariants BA.4 and BA.5 in a new coronavirus booster to be available sometime after September 2022. FDA.

  14. On 13 July 2022, the FDA approved an Emergency Use Authorization for Novavax as primary series of immunizations in people at least 18 years of age. FDA;   CDC press releases. Novavax is built on protein subunit vaccine technology, while Pfizer and Moderna vaccines use messenger RNA.   On 22 August 2022, the CDC recommended Novavax for primary vaccination of people aged 12 to 17 years.

  15. On 31 August 2022, the FDA granted emergency use authorization for Moderna's and Pfizer's new bivalent booster that contains messenger RNA for both the original strain of coronavirus and the omicron subvariants BA.4 and BA.5. The Pfizer booster is approved for people at least 12 years of age, the Moderna for people at least 18 years of age. The new booster is given at least two months after the previous coronavirus immunization (i.e., either a booster or the second dose of the primary series). The FDA press release says: "With today's authorization, the monovalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are not authorized as booster doses for individuals 12 years of age and older."   On 1 September 2022, the CDC endorsed the new boosters.

  16. On 12 October 2022, the FDA and CDC approved the bivalent boosters for children. Pfizer is now approved for ages 5 years and higher, Moderna for ages 6 years and higher.

  17. On 8 December 2022, FDA approved both Pfizer and Moderna bivalent boosters for everyone more than 6 months of age.

  18. On 18 April 2023 the FDA approved a second bivalent booster — Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 bivalent (original plus omicron BA.4/BA.5 strains) mRNA vaccines — for either:
    1. People at least 65 years of age "may receive one additional dose at least four months following their initial bivalent dose" or
    2. "Most individuals with certain kinds of immunocompromise who have received a bivalent COVID-19 vaccine may receive a single additional dose of a bivalent COVID-19 vaccine at least 2 months following a dose of a bivalent COVID-19 vaccine".
    3. Immunocompromised people may receive a third or subsequent booster "at the discretion of, and at intervals determined by, their healthcare provider."
    Furthermore, currently unvaccinated people can receive the bivalent vaccine:
    1. "Most unvaccinated individuals may receive a single dose of a bivalent vaccine, rather than multiple doses of the original monovalent mRNA vaccines."
    2. "Children 6 months through 5 years of age who are unvaccinated may receive a two-dose series of the Moderna bivalent vaccine (6 months through 5 years of age) OR a three-dose series of the Pfizer-BioNTech bivalent vaccine (6 months through 4 years of age)."
    3. Unvaccinated "children who are [at least] 5 years of age may receive two doses of the Moderna bivalent vaccine or a single dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech bivalent vaccine."
    "The monovalent Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines are no longer authorized for use in the United States."

    On 19 April 2023, the CDC endorsed the new FDA approval. "CDC recommends that everyone ages 6 years and older receive an updated (bivalent) mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, regardless of whether they previously completed their (monovalent) primary series." However, "Alternatives to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines remain available for people who cannot or will not receive an mRNA vaccine. CDC's recommendations for use of (monovalent) Novavax or Johnson & Johnson's Janssen COVID-19 vaccines were not affected by the changes made today."

  19. On 16 June 2023, the FDA ordered manufacturers (e.g., Pfizer, Moderna, Novavax) to include only omicron subvariant XBB 1.5 in the new vaccine for Autumn 2023.

  20. On 11 September 2023, the FDA approved the new monovalent vaccine that protects against Omicron subvariant XBB1.5. "Individuals 5 years of age and older regardless of previous vaccination are eligible to receive a single dose of an updated mRNA COVID-19 vaccine at least 2 months since the last dose of any COVID-19 vaccine." Children under 5 years of age will receive one to three doses, depending on previous coronavirus vaccinations and the manufacturer of the vaccine. "... the bivalent Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines are no longer authorized for use in the United States."   On 12 Sep 2023, the CDC recommended that all Americans over 6 months of age receive at least one dose of the new vaccine.

  21. On 3 October 2023, the FDA approved an updated Novavax vaccine for patients at least 12 years of age.

  22. On 28 February 2024, a CDC committee recommended adults at least 65 years of age should get a second dose of the XBB1.5 vaccine. There should be at least four months between doses of coronavirus vaccine. The second dose should be given before 1 June 2024, so it will not delay a first dose of a new vaccine to be given in October 2024. CDC;   Washington Post;   New York Times;   Associated Press.

  23. On 5 June 2024, the 16 members of a FDA advisory panel on coronavirus vaccine unanimously voted for the Autumn 2024 vaccine to be a monovalent JN.1 variant of Omicron. Then on 13 June 2024, the FDA advised manufacturers of vaccines that "the preferred JN.1-lineage for the COVID-19 vaccines (2024-2025 Formula) is the KP.2 strain, if feasible."   On Thursday 22 August 2024, the FDA approved the new KP.2 coronavirus vaccine for all Americans at least 6 months of age. On 30 August, the CDC said simply: "Everyone ages 6 months and older should get a 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccine." Some children under 5 years of age may need 2 or 3 doses of the vaccine, as explained in the CDC webpage.

  24. On 30 August 2024, the FDA authorized the Novavax coronavirus immunization for 2024-2025. The Novavax immunization targets Omicron JN.1, the parent of KP.2.   Novavax is authorized for people at least 12 years of age.

  25. On 23 October 2024, CDC endorsed the recommendations of its Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.   The CDC said “people 65 years and older and those who are moderately or severely immunocompromised to receive a second dose of 2024-2025 COVID-19 vaccine six months after their first dose. These updated recommendations also allow for flexibility for additional doses (i.e., three or more) for those who are moderately or severely immunocompromised, in consultation with their healthcare provider”.   Elderly people who receive the new vaccine in early September should receive a second dose in early March.   Immunocompromised people should put at least two months between coronavirus immunizations.

  26. On 16 May 2025, the FDA approved the the Novavax coronavirus immunization for people 12 to 64 years of age who have at least one comorbidity. Novavax has full, unconditional approval for people at least 65 years of age. See criticism of the FDA decision at The New York Times(17May).

  27. On 22 May 2025, the FDA announced the next generation of coronavirus immunizations for Fall 2025 to Summer 2026 should target the JN.1 Omicron variant of coronavirus. The FDA committee preferred "using the LP.8.1 strain. "

  28. On 27 May 2025, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. — the Secretary of Health and Human Services, with no credentials in either medicine or public health, and a known opponent of immunizations — decreed that healthy children and pregnant women should not receive a coronavirus immunization. New York Times(27May);   NBC News(27May);   Washington Post(28May).   But on 29 May 2025, the CDC contradicted RFK and said that healthy children may receive a coronavirus immunization after their parents consult with a physician. CDC(29May);   New York Times(30May);   Washington Post(30May);   Politico(30May).   This kind of confusion will become more common as RFK continues to oppose immunizations and mainstream physicians properly continue to endorse immunizations.

  29. On 27-28 August 2025, the FDA approved the new Moderna, Pfizer, and Novavax coronavirus immunizations for the Fall 2025. Instead of continuing the recommendation that everyone over 6 months of age receive the immunization, the current FDA approval for the Moderna vaccine says:
    1. unconditional approval for patients at least 65 years age
    2. "approved for use in individuals who are ... 6 months through 64 years of age with at least one underlying condition that puts them at high risk for severe outcomes from COVID-19."
    The current approval for the Pfizer vaccine is slightly different:
    1. unconditional approval for patients at least 65 years age
    2. "12 years through 64 years of age with at least one underlying condition that puts them at high risk for severe outcomes from COVID-19."
    3. 10 µg antigen (1/3 of adult dose) approved "for use in individuals 5 years through 11 years of age with at least one underlying condition that puts them at high risk for severe outcomes from COVID-19"
    Also on 27 August 2025, the FDA revoked the Emergency Use Authorization for each of these coronavirus immunizations, because the EUA contained broader indications for these vaccines than current FDA policy.

On 28 August 2025, I suspended my links to the FDA and CDC on this webpage, because of my lack of confidence in these government agencies after political interference with scientific decisions about immunizations (e.g., On 27 May 2025 Robert F. Kennedy Jr. announced that the CDC would no longer recommend the COVID-19 vaccine for healthy children or pregnant women, in June 2025 Robert F. Kennedy Jr. reconstituted the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, the FDA changed approvals of coronavirus immunizations to be narrower, and on 27 August 2025 the leadership of the CDC was decapitated). The current FDA approvals are too narrow. For example, first responders and health care professionals under the age of 65 years, and any other people likely to be exposed to coronavirus, need to receive the coronavirus immunization. As a matter of public health policy to minimize suffering and death, anyone who wants to be immunized against coronavirus should be able to easily receive the immunization and health insurance should pay for the immunization. In my opinion, the U.S. Government urgently needs to abandon Kook-based medicine, and return to science-based medicine.

Instead of relying on the FDA and CDC, there are already alternative, credible source of information, for example:
  1. The American Academy of Pediatrics has recommendations for infants, children, and adolescents.

  2. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) has recommendations for pregnant women, including COVID-19.

  3. The American Academy of Family Physicians has immunization schedules for both children and adults.

  4. One emerging alternative source of information is the Vaccine Integrity Project at the University of Minnesota.

  5. State governments may provide recommendations, e.g.,
    1. West Coast Health Alliance: California,   Oregon,   Washington

    2. Northeast Public Health Collaborative: Massachusetts,   New York

  6. immunize.org, a nonprofit group that advocates wider use of immunizations.

Links to CDC webpages
when and how often to receive
coronavirus vaccines:

There is a bewildering, duplicative, and disorganized group of CDC webpages about when and how often to receive coronavirus vaccinations. These webpages are supposedly updated when necessary, but check the date of last revision on each page. Here are some links:

Where to receive coronavirus vaccine

Locations for coronavirus vaccine:
schedule coronavirus vaccinations at a pharmacy:
If the links above do not work, you can Google a query, e.g.,
CVS coronavirus vaccine
which is how I found the above-mentioned links to pharmacies in September 2023.

The American Association of Retired People has webpages for each state with information about how and where to obtain COVID-19 vaccination. For example, Massachusetts. The best way to find the webpages for other states is to Google a query like the following:
AARP How to Get COVID-19 Vaccines in New Hampshire

Veterans' Administration hospitals and clinics provide coronavirus immunizations. Find nearest VA health facility that offers coronavirus immunizations.

nonprofit sources of information

News Media

Associated Press top stories homepage
recent AP articles on the coronavirus epidemic

The Washington Post homepage.
Washington Post coronavirus webpage with links to recent news articles.

The New York Times homepage
New York Times coronavirus webpage with links to recent news articles.

Politico webpage with links to their recent articles about coronavirus. Politico is a respected online news service about politics in the USA and Europe.
Copyright 2020-2025 by Ronald B. Standler

This document is at   http://www.rbs0.com/COVID19.htm
created 24 March 2020, revised 10 Oct 2025

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